Britain and France declared war on Russia on March 28, 1854, to prevent Russian expansion toward the Ottoman Empire and the Mediterranean. The Crimean War introduced several innovations that shaped future conflicts: trench warfare, the Minie ball rifle, war photography by Roger Fenton, and war correspondence by William Howard Russell of The Times. Florence Nightingale transformed military medicine at Scutari. The Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava became the symbol of brave futility. Over 250,000 soldiers died on all sides, most from disease rather than combat. Russia lost and was forced to demilitarize the Black Sea.